What Americans Need to Know About Columbus Day 2025 Celebrated on October 13

Discover the Complexities of Columbus Day and Indigenous Peoples Day in the United States

As Americans approach the second Monday of October, different parts of the country prepare to observe it in diverse ways. For some, it is a celebration of Columbus Day, while others recognize it as Indigenous Peoples Day—a reflection of long-standing debates about this complex holiday.

The Impact of Columbus Day as a Federal Holiday

Columbus Day is federally recognized, granting federal employees a day off and closing postal services. While most banks and bond markets also cease operations, stock exchanges and retail businesses remain open. The ongoing government shutdown this year could result in some federal offices already being closed. In private sectors, day-offs on this holiday are at the discretion of employers.

Diverse Observances Across States

State-level recognition of this holiday varies across the country. Currently, 30 states and three territories observe Columbus Day to some extent, but only 20 states and two territories offer it as a paid holiday for state employees. Notably:

• Five states recognize both Columbus Day and Indigenous Peoples Day.
• Virginia also honors Yorktown Victory Day on this date.
• Alabama commemorates Columbus Day alongside American Indian Heritage Day and Fraternal Day.
• The US Virgin Islands hold Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day.
• Puerto Rico celebrates Dia de la Raza to honor Latin American culture.

Shifting Trends Toward Indigenous Peoples Day

There is a growing shift to prioritize Indigenous Peoples Day over Columbus Day in various states. Since Delaware’s decision in 2009 to replace Columbus Day with a floating holiday, other states, including Maine, Vermont, New Mexico, and Washington DC, have formally adopted Indigenous Peoples Day since 2019.

According to a report by Emegypt, 17 states along with DC now formally recognize Indigenous Peoples Day or a similar holiday, with some places acknowledging both holidays concurrently. Annually, governors in certain states issue proclamations to acknowledge both observances. In Tennessee, Columbus Day is shifted to the Friday following Thanksgiving, allowing state workers to enjoy an extended weekend.

Historical Background of Columbus Day

Columbus Day’s journey to becoming a federal holiday started in 1937, driven by efforts from the Knights of Columbus to recognize Italian American heritage. It was later established as the second Monday of October in 1971 as part of a measure to provide three-day weekends for federal workers. The day remains significant to many for celebrating cultural pride, acknowledging Indigenous resilience, or simply going about their regular workday.